Review



-provided human canine microarray comparisons  (Thermo Fisher)


Bioz Verified Symbol Thermo Fisher is a verified supplier
Bioz Manufacturer Symbol Thermo Fisher manufactures this product  
  • Logo
  • About
  • News
  • Press Release
  • Team
  • Advisors
  • Partners
  • Contact
  • Bioz Stars
  • Bioz vStars
  • 90

    Structured Review

    Thermo Fisher -provided human canine microarray comparisons
    Confirmation of cDNA-Array data by quantitative RT-PCT
    Provided Human Canine Microarray Comparisons, supplied by Thermo Fisher, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/microarray+comparisons/IL-12%2FIL-23+p40+Canine+ProcartaPlex+Simplex+Kit/pmc02994823-223-19-16
    Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    -provided human canine microarray comparisons - by Bioz Stars, 2026-11
    90/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Metastatic canine mammary carcinomas can be identified by a gene expression profile that partly overlaps with human breast cancer profiles"

    Article Title: Metastatic canine mammary carcinomas can be identified by a gene expression profile that partly overlaps with human breast cancer profiles

    Journal: BMC Cancer

    doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-618

    Confirmation of cDNA-Array data by quantitative RT-PCT
    Figure Legend Snippet: Confirmation of cDNA-Array data by quantitative RT-PCT

    Techniques Used: Microarray

    Related Articles

    Functional Assay:

    Article Title: Canine cutaneous peripheral nerve sheath tumours versus fibrosarcomas can be differentiated by neuroectodermal marker genes in their transcriptome.
    Article Snippet: The diagnostic differentiation between canine fibrosarcomas and peripheral nerve sheath tumours (PNSTs) is based on histopathological phenotype.. Histological differentiation of these tumours can, however, be challenging and there is a lack of immunohistochemical markers to prove their histogenic origin.. To identify possible PNST markers and to further characterize their histogenic origin we compared histologically well-defined canine fibrosarcomas and PNSTs by cDNA microarray analysis.

    Article Title: Metastatic canine mammary carcinomas can be identified by a gene expression profile that partly overlaps with human breast cancer profiles
    Article Snippet: .. To supplement the gene annotations of the differentially expressed genes with functional information, BLAST search and Affymetrix-provided human to canine microarray comparisons were used to map canine genes to their human equivalents as has been shown before [ ]. .. To supplement the gene annotations of the differentially expressed genes with functional information, BLAST search and Affymetrix-provided human to canine microarray comparisons were used to map canine genes to their human equivalents as has been shown before [ ].

    Microarray:

    Article Title: Canine cutaneous peripheral nerve sheath tumours versus fibrosarcomas can be differentiated by neuroectodermal marker genes in their transcriptome.
    Article Snippet: The diagnostic differentiation between canine fibrosarcomas and peripheral nerve sheath tumours (PNSTs) is based on histopathological phenotype.. Histological differentiation of these tumours can, however, be challenging and there is a lack of immunohistochemical markers to prove their histogenic origin.. To identify possible PNST markers and to further characterize their histogenic origin we compared histologically well-defined canine fibrosarcomas and PNSTs by cDNA microarray analysis.

    Article Title: A comparison between DASL and Affymetrix on probing the whole-transcriptome
    Article Snippet: Whole-transcriptome microarray analysis has become a popular strategy to study geneexpression in cancer, exploiting the largely available formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sample resources.. However, there have been relatively few comparative studies evaluating the performance of the different gene-expression array platforms.. We compared two commonly used whole-transcriptome microarray platforms: Illumina humanwhole genome cDNA-mediated annealing, selection extension and ligation (DASL) beadchip and Affymetrix U133 Plus2 GeneChip (Affymetrix).

    Article Title: Analysis of the Bovine Monocyte-Derived Macrophage Response to Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis Infection Using RNA-seq
    Article Snippet: .. Systematic comparisons of RNA-seq gene expression results with Affymetrix ® microarray data generated from the same experimental samples also demonstrated that RNA-seq represents a superior technology for studying host transcriptional responses to intracellular infection. ..

    Article Title: Metastatic canine mammary carcinomas can be identified by a gene expression profile that partly overlaps with human breast cancer profiles
    Article Snippet: .. To supplement the gene annotations of the differentially expressed genes with functional information, BLAST search and Affymetrix-provided human to canine microarray comparisons were used to map canine genes to their human equivalents as has been shown before [ ]. .. To supplement the gene annotations of the differentially expressed genes with functional information, BLAST search and Affymetrix-provided human to canine microarray comparisons were used to map canine genes to their human equivalents as has been shown before [ ].

    Article Title: GATA4/FOG2 transcriptional complex regulates Lhx9 gene expression in murine heart development
    Article Snippet: .. In order to identify the targets of GATA4/FOG2 action in the mammalian heart we performed several Affymetrix microarray comparisons of gene expression in normal and mutant E13.5 hearts. ..

    other:

    Article Title: Test of Arabidopsis Space Transcriptome: A Discovery Environment to Explore Multiple Plant Biology Spaceflight Experiments
    Article Snippet: These gene expression datasets were obtained using the CATMA microarray technology and so some care should be taken when making comparisons to data from experiments using the ATH1 Affymetrix microarray as these two technologies are not identical and e.g., the data from the CATMA arrays was analyzed using the slightly older TAIR9 genome annotation to assign gene IDs ( ).

    Article Title: HLA-G neo-expression modifies genetic programs governing tumor cell lines.
    Article Snippet: Following retro-transcription of these RNAs, samples were subject to DNA microarray profiling to perform pairwise comparisons using Human Clariom Affymetrix GeneChip as described in materials and methods.

    Article Title: Breakdown in the Process of Incipient Speciation in Anopheles gambiae
    Article Snippet: Genome-wide scans with an Affymetrix high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray enabled replicate comparisons of pools of different molecular forms, in three separate populations.

    Formalin-fixed Paraffin-Embedded:

    Article Title: A comparison between DASL and Affymetrix on probing the whole-transcriptome
    Article Snippet: Whole-transcriptome microarray analysis has become a popular strategy to study geneexpression in cancer, exploiting the largely available formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sample resources.. However, there have been relatively few comparative studies evaluating the performance of the different gene-expression array platforms.. We compared two commonly used whole-transcriptome microarray platforms: Illumina humanwhole genome cDNA-mediated annealing, selection extension and ligation (DASL) beadchip and Affymetrix U133 Plus2 GeneChip (Affymetrix).

    Comparison:

    Article Title: A comparison between DASL and Affymetrix on probing the whole-transcriptome
    Article Snippet: Whole-transcriptome microarray analysis has become a popular strategy to study geneexpression in cancer, exploiting the largely available formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sample resources.. However, there have been relatively few comparative studies evaluating the performance of the different gene-expression array platforms.. We compared two commonly used whole-transcriptome microarray platforms: Illumina humanwhole genome cDNA-mediated annealing, selection extension and ligation (DASL) beadchip and Affymetrix U133 Plus2 GeneChip (Affymetrix).

    RNA Sequencing:

    Article Title: Analysis of the Bovine Monocyte-Derived Macrophage Response to Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis Infection Using RNA-seq
    Article Snippet: .. Systematic comparisons of RNA-seq gene expression results with Affymetrix ® microarray data generated from the same experimental samples also demonstrated that RNA-seq represents a superior technology for studying host transcriptional responses to intracellular infection. ..

    Gene Expression:

    Article Title: Analysis of the Bovine Monocyte-Derived Macrophage Response to Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis Infection Using RNA-seq
    Article Snippet: .. Systematic comparisons of RNA-seq gene expression results with Affymetrix ® microarray data generated from the same experimental samples also demonstrated that RNA-seq represents a superior technology for studying host transcriptional responses to intracellular infection. ..

    Article Title: GATA4/FOG2 transcriptional complex regulates Lhx9 gene expression in murine heart development
    Article Snippet: .. In order to identify the targets of GATA4/FOG2 action in the mammalian heart we performed several Affymetrix microarray comparisons of gene expression in normal and mutant E13.5 hearts. ..

    Generated:

    Article Title: Analysis of the Bovine Monocyte-Derived Macrophage Response to Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis Infection Using RNA-seq
    Article Snippet: .. Systematic comparisons of RNA-seq gene expression results with Affymetrix ® microarray data generated from the same experimental samples also demonstrated that RNA-seq represents a superior technology for studying host transcriptional responses to intracellular infection. ..

    Infection:

    Article Title: Analysis of the Bovine Monocyte-Derived Macrophage Response to Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis Infection Using RNA-seq
    Article Snippet: .. Systematic comparisons of RNA-seq gene expression results with Affymetrix ® microarray data generated from the same experimental samples also demonstrated that RNA-seq represents a superior technology for studying host transcriptional responses to intracellular infection. ..

    Mutagenesis:

    Article Title: GATA4/FOG2 transcriptional complex regulates Lhx9 gene expression in murine heart development
    Article Snippet: .. In order to identify the targets of GATA4/FOG2 action in the mammalian heart we performed several Affymetrix microarray comparisons of gene expression in normal and mutant E13.5 hearts. ..



    Similar Products

    90
    Thermo Fisher -provided human canine microarray comparisons
    Confirmation of cDNA-Array data by quantitative RT-PCT
    Provided Human Canine Microarray Comparisons, supplied by Thermo Fisher, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/microarray+comparisons/IL-12%2FIL-23+p40+Canine+ProcartaPlex+Simplex+Kit/pmc02994823-223-19-16
    Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    -provided human canine microarray comparisons - by Bioz Stars, 2026-11
    90/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    86
    Thermo Fisher microarray comparison
    Confirmation of cDNA-Array data by quantitative RT-PCT
    Microarray Comparison, supplied by Thermo Fisher, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/microarray+comparisons/us11066710-397-4-6
    Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    microarray comparison - by Bioz Stars, 2026-11
    86/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    90
    Illumina Inc rna-seq data comparison with gene expression microarrays
    Confirmation of cDNA-Array data by quantitative RT-PCT
    Rna Seq Data Comparison With Gene Expression Microarrays, supplied by Illumina Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/microarray+comparisons/rna+seq+data+comparison+with+gene+expression+microarrays/10__4137_slash_cin__s39781-349-6-0
    Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    rna-seq data comparison with gene expression microarrays - by Bioz Stars, 2026-11
    90/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    86
    Human Protein Atlas microarray comparisons
    Figure 1. Study design. Carotid plaques (n=34) from asymptomatic and symptomatic patients were sectioned at 2 levels and 3 cores drilled from each level (A) to construct 2 tissue <t>microarray</t> (TMA) blocks with 204 cores in total (B). Based on symptomatic vs asymptom- atic microarray comparisons generated for n=127 plaques (C), highly upregulated genes were chosen for the study (D; in red). Several genes already known to be associated with atherosclerosis were also included (D; in black). TMAs were stained by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with antibodies toward human proteins of interest, and tissue sections were scored (0, 1, 2, or 3) for semiquantitative grading of staining intensity (E). Significantly differentially expressed proteins were validated further by IHC on individual plaques (F).
    Microarray Comparisons, supplied by Human Protein Atlas, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/microarray+comparisons/comparisons+microarray/10__1161_slash_atvbaha__113__301743-38-9-33
    Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    microarray comparisons - by Bioz Stars, 2026-11
    86/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    86
    Thermo Fisher human to canine microarray comparisons
    Figure 1. Study design. Carotid plaques (n=34) from asymptomatic and symptomatic patients were sectioned at 2 levels and 3 cores drilled from each level (A) to construct 2 tissue <t>microarray</t> (TMA) blocks with 204 cores in total (B). Based on symptomatic vs asymptom- atic microarray comparisons generated for n=127 plaques (C), highly upregulated genes were chosen for the study (D; in red). Several genes already known to be associated with atherosclerosis were also included (D; in black). TMAs were stained by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with antibodies toward human proteins of interest, and tissue sections were scored (0, 1, 2, or 3) for semiquantitative grading of staining intensity (E). Significantly differentially expressed proteins were validated further by IHC on individual plaques (F).
    Human To Canine Microarray Comparisons, supplied by Thermo Fisher, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/microarray+comparisons/pm22818216-61-14-17
    Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    human to canine microarray comparisons - by Bioz Stars, 2026-11
    86/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    86
    Agilent technologies whole mouse genome microarray comparisons
    Figure 1. Study design. Carotid plaques (n=34) from asymptomatic and symptomatic patients were sectioned at 2 levels and 3 cores drilled from each level (A) to construct 2 tissue <t>microarray</t> (TMA) blocks with 204 cores in total (B). Based on symptomatic vs asymptom- atic microarray comparisons generated for n=127 plaques (C), highly upregulated genes were chosen for the study (D; in red). Several genes already known to be associated with atherosclerosis were also included (D; in black). TMAs were stained by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with antibodies toward human proteins of interest, and tissue sections were scored (0, 1, 2, or 3) for semiquantitative grading of staining intensity (E). Significantly differentially expressed proteins were validated further by IHC on individual plaques (F).
    Whole Mouse Genome Microarray Comparisons, supplied by Agilent technologies, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/microarray+comparisons/pm21320871-199-1-0
    Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    whole mouse genome microarray comparisons - by Bioz Stars, 2026-11
    86/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    99
    Thermo Fisher genechip dna microarray analysis comparison
    Figure 1. Study design. Carotid plaques (n=34) from asymptomatic and symptomatic patients were sectioned at 2 levels and 3 cores drilled from each level (A) to construct 2 tissue <t>microarray</t> (TMA) blocks with 204 cores in total (B). Based on symptomatic vs asymptom- atic microarray comparisons generated for n=127 plaques (C), highly upregulated genes were chosen for the study (D; in red). Several genes already known to be associated with atherosclerosis were also included (D; in black). TMAs were stained by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with antibodies toward human proteins of interest, and tissue sections were scored (0, 1, 2, or 3) for semiquantitative grading of staining intensity (E). Significantly differentially expressed proteins were validated further by IHC on individual plaques (F).
    Genechip Dna Microarray Analysis Comparison, supplied by Thermo Fisher, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/microarray+comparisons/DNA/pmc02765070-94-25-24
    Average 99 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    genechip dna microarray analysis comparison - by Bioz Stars, 2026-11
    99/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    90
    Keio University Press Inc microarray comparison analyses
    Figure 1. Study design. Carotid plaques (n=34) from asymptomatic and symptomatic patients were sectioned at 2 levels and 3 cores drilled from each level (A) to construct 2 tissue <t>microarray</t> (TMA) blocks with 204 cores in total (B). Based on symptomatic vs asymptom- atic microarray comparisons generated for n=127 plaques (C), highly upregulated genes were chosen for the study (D; in red). Several genes already known to be associated with atherosclerosis were also included (D; in black). TMAs were stained by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with antibodies toward human proteins of interest, and tissue sections were scored (0, 1, 2, or 3) for semiquantitative grading of staining intensity (E). Significantly differentially expressed proteins were validated further by IHC on individual plaques (F).
    Microarray Comparison Analyses, supplied by Keio University Press Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/microarray+comparisons/microarray+analysis/pm17460410-9-0-23
    Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    microarray comparison analyses - by Bioz Stars, 2026-11
    90/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    90
    Thermo Fisher microarray suite 5.0 comparison analysis
    Figure 1. Study design. Carotid plaques (n=34) from asymptomatic and symptomatic patients were sectioned at 2 levels and 3 cores drilled from each level (A) to construct 2 tissue <t>microarray</t> (TMA) blocks with 204 cores in total (B). Based on symptomatic vs asymptom- atic microarray comparisons generated for n=127 plaques (C), highly upregulated genes were chosen for the study (D; in red). Several genes already known to be associated with atherosclerosis were also included (D; in black). TMAs were stained by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with antibodies toward human proteins of interest, and tissue sections were scored (0, 1, 2, or 3) for semiquantitative grading of staining intensity (E). Significantly differentially expressed proteins were validated further by IHC on individual plaques (F).
    Microarray Suite 5.0 Comparison Analysis, supplied by Thermo Fisher, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/microarray+comparisons/10__1158_slash_1078___0432__ccr___05___0270-111-18-19
    Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    microarray suite 5.0 comparison analysis - by Bioz Stars, 2026-11
    90/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    Image Search Results


    Confirmation of cDNA-Array data by quantitative RT-PCT

    Journal: BMC Cancer

    Article Title: Metastatic canine mammary carcinomas can be identified by a gene expression profile that partly overlaps with human breast cancer profiles

    doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-618

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Confirmation of cDNA-Array data by quantitative RT-PCT

    Article Snippet: To supplement the gene annotations of the differentially expressed genes with functional information, BLAST search and Affymetrix-provided human to canine microarray comparisons were used to map canine genes to their human equivalents as has been shown before [ ].

    Techniques: Microarray

    Figure 1. Study design. Carotid plaques (n=34) from asymptomatic and symptomatic patients were sectioned at 2 levels and 3 cores drilled from each level (A) to construct 2 tissue microarray (TMA) blocks with 204 cores in total (B). Based on symptomatic vs asymptom- atic microarray comparisons generated for n=127 plaques (C), highly upregulated genes were chosen for the study (D; in red). Several genes already known to be associated with atherosclerosis were also included (D; in black). TMAs were stained by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with antibodies toward human proteins of interest, and tissue sections were scored (0, 1, 2, or 3) for semiquantitative grading of staining intensity (E). Significantly differentially expressed proteins were validated further by IHC on individual plaques (F).

    Journal: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology

    Article Title: Profiling of Atherosclerotic Lesions by Gene and Tissue Microarrays Reveals PCSK6 as a Novel Protease in Unstable Carotid Atherosclerosis

    doi: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301743

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 1. Study design. Carotid plaques (n=34) from asymptomatic and symptomatic patients were sectioned at 2 levels and 3 cores drilled from each level (A) to construct 2 tissue microarray (TMA) blocks with 204 cores in total (B). Based on symptomatic vs asymptom- atic microarray comparisons generated for n=127 plaques (C), highly upregulated genes were chosen for the study (D; in red). Several genes already known to be associated with atherosclerosis were also included (D; in black). TMAs were stained by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with antibodies toward human proteins of interest, and tissue sections were scored (0, 1, 2, or 3) for semiquantitative grading of staining intensity (E). Significantly differentially expressed proteins were validated further by IHC on individual plaques (F).

    Article Snippet: From the list of highly upregulated genes obtained by microarray comparisons between symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid lesions, candidates with relatively restricted tissue distribution in humans were chosen for further analysis (based on the Human Protein Atlas).

    Techniques: Construct, Microarray, Generated, Staining, Immunohistochemistry

    Figure 4. PCSK6 is the most significantly upregulated proprotein convertase (PC) in symptomatic carotid plaques. Analy- ses of n=127 microarray profiles between carotid plaques (CP) and normal controls (iliac arteries [IA]) show significant down- regulation of Furin and PCSK5 in plaque tissue, upregulation of PCSK6 and PCSK7, whereas PCSK9 and PCSK2 did not exhibit significant variation in expression (A). Posi- tive correlation was found between expres- sion of PCSK6 and PCSK9, PCSK2 and PCSK7, whereas negative was observed with PCSK5 (B). Several PCSK6 isoforms recognized by different Affymetrix probes were significantly upregulated in plaques compared with controls, but most highly the isoform coding for secreted protein (C). This isoform was the only one with signifi- cantly higher expression in comparison between symptomatic (s) and asymptom- atic (as) plaques (D). Results were con- firmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses for expression of secreted PCSK6 isoform in a separate cohort of n=233 carotid plaques (E and F). Micorarray data expressed as log2 value and qRT-PCR data as fold change compared with control. Data in A, C, and D show mean with SD, whereas median with interquartile range is depicted in E and F. ER indicates endoplasmatic reticulum.

    Journal: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology

    Article Title: Profiling of Atherosclerotic Lesions by Gene and Tissue Microarrays Reveals PCSK6 as a Novel Protease in Unstable Carotid Atherosclerosis

    doi: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301743

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 4. PCSK6 is the most significantly upregulated proprotein convertase (PC) in symptomatic carotid plaques. Analy- ses of n=127 microarray profiles between carotid plaques (CP) and normal controls (iliac arteries [IA]) show significant down- regulation of Furin and PCSK5 in plaque tissue, upregulation of PCSK6 and PCSK7, whereas PCSK9 and PCSK2 did not exhibit significant variation in expression (A). Posi- tive correlation was found between expres- sion of PCSK6 and PCSK9, PCSK2 and PCSK7, whereas negative was observed with PCSK5 (B). Several PCSK6 isoforms recognized by different Affymetrix probes were significantly upregulated in plaques compared with controls, but most highly the isoform coding for secreted protein (C). This isoform was the only one with signifi- cantly higher expression in comparison between symptomatic (s) and asymptom- atic (as) plaques (D). Results were con- firmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses for expression of secreted PCSK6 isoform in a separate cohort of n=233 carotid plaques (E and F). Micorarray data expressed as log2 value and qRT-PCR data as fold change compared with control. Data in A, C, and D show mean with SD, whereas median with interquartile range is depicted in E and F. ER indicates endoplasmatic reticulum.

    Article Snippet: From the list of highly upregulated genes obtained by microarray comparisons between symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid lesions, candidates with relatively restricted tissue distribution in humans were chosen for further analysis (based on the Human Protein Atlas).

    Techniques: Microarray, Expressing, Comparison, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative RT-PCR, Control